Language

The power of the words

 Language is so much a part of human activity that it is easily taken for granted. The issues related to language and knowledge call for conscious scrutiny in order to recognize its influence on thought and behaviour.  Language can be thought of as a symbol system, engaged in representing the world, capturing and communicating thought and experience. Language also can be seen as existing in itself, as something to be played with and transformed and shaped in its own right and something that can transform and shape thought and action.

Nature of language

· What different functions does language perform? Which are most relevant in creating and communicating knowledge? · What did Aldous Huxley (1947) mean when he observed that “Words form the thread on which we string our experiences”? To what extent is it possible to separate our experience of the world from the narratives we construct of them? · In what ways does written language differ from spoken language in its relationship to knowledge? · Is it reasonable to argue for the preservation of established forms of language, for example, as concerns grammar, spelling, syntax, meaning or use? Is one language common to the whole world a defensible project? · What is the role of language in creating and reinforcing social distinctions, such as class, ethnicity and gender? · What is the role of language in sustaining relationships of authority? Do people speak the same way to inferiors and superiors in a hierarchy? Does the professional authority speak in the same way as the person seeking opinion or advice? Can control of written language create or reinforce power? · How does technological change affect the way language is used and the way communication takes place? How might innovations in language, such as Internet chat or text messaging, be assessed: as contributions to or assaults against how language and communication “should be”? · What may have been meant by the comment “How strangely do we diminish a thing as soon as we try to express it in words” (Maurice Maeterlinck)?

Language and culture

· If people speak more than one language, is what they know different in each language? Does each language provide a different framework for reality? · How is the meaning of what is said affected by silences and omissions, pace, tone of voice and bodily movement? How might these factors be influenced in turn by the social or cultural context? · What is lost in translation from one language to another? Why? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· To what degree might different languages shape in their speakers different concepts of themselves and the world? What are the implications of such differences for knowledge?

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<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· How have spoken sounds acquired meaning? What is the connection between the sounds and what they are taken to represent? Given that a word such as “tree” groups together a lot of different individual objects, what is lost in using language to describe the world? What are the advantages? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· Is it possible to think without language? How does language facilitate, extend, direct or limit thinking? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· To what extent does language generalize individual experience, classifying it within the experience of a linguistic group? On the other hand, to what extent do some kinds of personal experience elude expression in language? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· Can language be compared with other human forms of symbolic representation, such as conventionalized gestures, sign language for the deaf, dance, painting, music or mathematics? What might language share with these other forms in the communication of what we know? In what ways might it be considered distinct? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· How do “formal languages”, such as computer-programming languages or mathematics, compare with the conventional written and spoken languages of everyday discourse?

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<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· How does the capacity to communicate personal experiences and thoughts through language affect knowledge? To what extent does knowledge actually depend on language: on the transmission of concepts from one person or generation to another, and on exposure of concepts or claims to public scrutiny? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· How does language come to be known? Is the capacity to acquire language innate?

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<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">· In most of the statements heard, spoken, read or written, facts are blended with values. How can an examination of language distinguish the subjective and ideological biases as well as values that statements may contain? Why might such an examination be desirable?

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 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">To what extent is it possible to overcome ambiguity and vagueness in language? In what contexts might ambiguity either impede knowledge or contribute to its acquisition? Does the balance between precision and ambiguity alter from one area of knowledge to another?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">What do we gain, and what do we lose, when we name something? Do different areas of knowledge manage differently the balance between particularity and generality?

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 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">How do the words we use to describe an idea affect our understanding of the world? For example, is “globalization” a synonym for “westernization”? What is the meaning of the term “anti-globalization”? Does it matter which words we use?

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Among the multiple examples one can think of when trying to answer a question, these are some that Mr. Mark Smith and Mr. Tim Sprod had provided for a TOK forum discussion.(1) <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">The first example is the phrase "Pro-Life" which is the term anti-abortionists use to describe themselves. Of course, the opposite of "pro-life" would be "anti-life", and nobody wants that label! So the pro-lifers have done a nice job in framing the political discourse in their favor. However, those who oppose the "pro-life" have chosen, instead, the label "pro-choice". And... it also seems wrong to be against choice...

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;"> The same can be said of the term "climate change denial", which can be applied to people who do not believe the preponderance of scientific evidence regarding the role of man in climate change. Calling someone a "denier" has resonances which need to be examined. It frames the discussion in terms of those other deniers, the holocaust deniers, and works its magic by lumping them into that large category of delusional and self-sustaining belief systems. But, the condensed power of the phrase doesn't necessarily make it true ...

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">In the end, choosing the terms to frame the debate seems to be vital in such disputes.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">How does the language used to describe the past (for example, a massacre, an incident, a revolt) change history? Does something similar occur when different terms are used to describe natural phenomena (greenhouse effect, global warming, sustainable development) or human behaviour (refugee, asylum seeker)?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">How important are technical terms in different areas of knowledge? Is their correct use a necessary or sufficient indicator of understanding? The following illustrative examples relate to the Diploma Programme subject groups.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Group 1: metaphor, alliteration, onomatopoeia, synecdoche, genre, sonnet, haiku
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Group 2: preposition, active/passive, pluperfect, genitive, creole, dialect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Group 3: cost–benefit analysis, price elasticity, evapotranspiration, neo-fascism, push–pull technology, ontology, cognitive dissonance, enculturation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Group 4: symbiosis, allotrope, ergonomics, trophic level, entropy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Group 5: irrational number, asymptote, dot product, isomorphism, minimum spanning tree
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Group 6: dynamic content, L cut, sonata, dramaturgy, trompe l’œil
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">To what degree might each area of knowledge be seen as having its own language? Its own culture?

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<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 110%; text-align: justify;">(1) The information provided here is part of the exchange of ideas that took place about TOK issues during an online IB TOK workshop between September and November 2010. The teachers participating in the discussions agreed to be reproduced in this wikispace.